Article Ammonia Reliability as Primary Refrigeration for Air Conditioning System

Abstract

This paper explores the reliability and advantages of ammonia (R-717) as a primary refrigerant for air conditioning systems in comparison to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). With growing environmental concerns and stringent regulations targeting ozone-depleting substances and high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, ammonia emerges as a sustainable and efficient alternative. Ammonia offers zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and near-zero GWP, coupled with superior thermodynamic properties that enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs. Despite its toxicity and flammability, advancements in safety protocols, system design, and operator training have significantly mitigated associated risks, enabling safe and dependable industrial and commercial applications. The study highlights ammonia’s high latent heat of vaporization, low boiling point, and favorable thermophysical characteristics that contribute to its outstanding coefficient of performance (COP) compared to HFCs. Furthermore, ammonia’s environmental benefits are demonstrated through a substantial reduction in carbon emissions, with a Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) up to 68% lower than common HFC refrigerants. The paper also discusses the practical considerations for ammonia system safety, including risk assessment, leak detection, and emergency response measures aligned with international standards. While HFCs remain prevalent due to ease of handling and lower toxicity, their environmental impact and regulatory phase-down underscore the need for alternatives like ammonia. This comprehensive assessment supports ammonia’s position as a reliable, eco-friendly, and economically viable refrigerant, aligning with global sustainability goals and future regulatory frameworks for air conditioning systems.